Doppler Ultrasound

Imex, LLC is a US-based manufacturer of high-quality Doppler ultrasound equipment with over 40 years of trusted service to healthcare professionals worldwide. Specializing in vascular and obstetric Dopplers, the company designs portable, handheld, and countertop systems for precise, non-invasive monitoring of blood flow and fetal heart rate. Their award-winning product line includes the Elite Handheld Doppler with interchangeable probes, the Pocket-Dop II for obstetric and vascular applications, and the ImexDop CT+ portable countertop system with dual speakers for high-noise clinical environments. All Imex Dopplers are FDA-approved, manufactured in the United States, and backed by a 10-year limited warranty. The company was acquired by Natus Medical in 2023 and continues to serve hospitals, clinics, field settings, and research environments with durable, reliable diagnostic equipment.

EchoNous is a medical technology company specializing in AI-powered, ultraportable point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) systems that enhance bedside diagnostics across clinical settings. Founded in 2016 and headquartered in Redmond, Washington, the company integrates advanced ultrasound hardware with proprietary deep learning algorithms to deliver cart-based image quality in portable form factors. The flagship Kosmos platform features real-time AI-driven guidance for probe positioning, automated cardiac analysis, image quality grading, and advanced Doppler capabilities (Pulsed Wave, Continuous Wave, and Tissue Doppler Imaging). Product offerings include Kosmos Portable Ultrasound, Kosmos Mobile (iPad-based), Kosmos Plus (fully featured configuration with stand), Kosmos Bladder (AI-assisted bladder volume calculation), and Kosmos EDU (educational platform for novice users). EchoNous serves critical care, emergency medicine, cardiology, nephrology, vascular access, anesthesiology, and primary care settings. The company manufactures Kosmos in the USA, offers HIPAA and SOC2 compliance, and partners with Us2.ai, 19 Labs, and Trice Imaging to deliver comprehensive software solutions and telehealth capabilities.

Koven Technology (trading as Hadeco in some markets) is the exclusive North American supplier of vascular Doppler ultrasound systems and related diagnostic equipment. Since 1981, the company has specialized in noninvasive vascular Dopplers for peripheral arterial disease evaluation, surgical Dopplers for intraoperative vascular monitoring, and fetal Dopplers for obstetric monitoring. Their product portfolio includes the Smartdop XT and Smartdop XT6 vascular testing systems, supported by PAUS 2.0 modality worklist software. Koven serves vascular surgeons, cardiologists, obstetricians, and hospital operating rooms with portable and stationary Doppler ultrasound platforms designed for noninvasive diagnosis and real-time intraoperative guidance.

Alpinion Medical Systems is a South Korea-based manufacturer of diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound systems founded in 2007. The company specializes in designing and manufacturing a comprehensive ultrasound portfolio comprising 11 diagnostic ultrasound systems, six types of proprietary transducers utilizing single crystal technology, and the ALPIUS 900 HIFU (High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound) platform for therapeutic applications. Its diagnostic X-CUBE series delivers advanced imaging solutions tailored for internal medicine, obstetrics/gynecology, and cardiology applications. The ALPIUS 900 platform provides non-invasive treatment options for uterine fibroids and adenomyosis. Alpinion integrates AI-powered intelligent technologies throughout the ultrasound workflow—from screening and early detection to diagnosis and reporting—to enhance clinical efficiency and diagnostic confidence. The company maintains a global presence with offices in the USA, Germany, and China, and operates through a network of distributors across 80+ countries.

Edge Life Technologies manufactures handheld, wireless ultrasound systems designed for both human and veterinary medicine. Their flagship product, "The New Blue," is a multi-probe ultrasound device combining linear, convex, and cardiac scanning capabilities in a single compact, battery-powered unit. The system connects wirelessly to iOS devices (iPad, iPhone, MacBook) and operates without cables or external power sources, delivering up to 3+ hours of continuous scanning on a single charge. Core features include intuitive software with preset exam types for beginners and advanced features for experienced operators, real-time image capture with measurements, annotations, exam reporting, PACS integration, and exports. Probe configurations include single-headed, double-headed, and triple-headed variants in linear, convex, micro-linear, micro-convex, cardio, and endocavitary formats. Applications span small parts, MSK, vascular access, abdominal, cardiac, lung, pelvis, ER/ICU, and preliminary assessment in hospitals, clinics, private practices, medical schools, emergency services, and military settings. The company emphasizes affordability, rapid training (30–60 minutes), extended battery life, IPX7 waterproof options on select models, and an 18-month parts-and-labor warranty. Software and updates are included; no subscriptions required. The device targets cost-conscious practitioners seeking portable, high-image-quality ultrasound without traditional console-based systems.

Alpinion Medical Systems is a South Korean manufacturer of diagnostic ultrasound systems and therapeutic ultrasound technologies. The company designs and manufactures a comprehensive portfolio of ultrasound equipment spanning general imaging, obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovascular diagnostics, and musculoskeletal applications. Core product lines include the X-CUBE series of diagnostic ultrasound systems (including X-CUBE i9 and X-CUBE 90 Elite), which integrate AI-assisted technologies for workflow optimization and clinical decision support across screening, detection, and reporting stages. Alpinion also develops high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) systems for therapeutic and research applications, along with proprietary transducers manufactured in-house. The company operates with R&D capabilities and maintains branch offices in the USA, Germany, and China, with distribution in over 80 countries globally. Alpinion is a subsidiary of Iljin Group, a South Korean conglomerate. The organization focuses on delivering clinically validated ultrasound solutions to healthcare providers in diagnostic imaging, cardiology, obstetrics, and musculoskeletal medicine. Regulatory certifications and specific FDA or CE mark status are not detailed in available web content but are typical for products marketed in North American and European markets.

EVERX is a distributor and provider of refurbished medical imaging and diagnostic equipment, established in 1992. The company specializes in sourcing, refurbishing, and reselling used diagnostic imaging systems including CT scanners, MRI systems, ultrasound units, C-Arms, mobile X-ray systems, mammography machines, and catheterization laboratory equipment. EVERX serves small to mid-sized medical establishments globally, offering both primary equipment and spare parts/accessories such as ultrasound probes, MRI coils, injectors, and computed radiography (CR/DR) systems. The company sources equipment from major manufacturers including Siemens and other leading OEMs. Beyond equipment sales, EVERX provides comprehensive services including worldwide shipping and installation, project coordination with dedicated project managers, and equipment servicing to ensure reliable operation. The business model centers on making refurbished diagnostic imaging technology accessible to resource-constrained healthcare facilities while maintaining clinical quality and performance standards. Contact and service inquiries are supported through multiple channels, with a stated commitment to customer success and equipment longevity through full-service support programs.

CHISON Medical Technologies Co., Ltd. is a global manufacturer of ultrasound diagnostic systems founded in 1996. The company designs and manufactures cart-based, portable, handheld, and B&W ultrasound systems serving radiology, cardiovascular, women's health, general imaging, point-of-care, and primary care specialties. Product lines include SonoPort, SonoMax, XBit, CBit, and QBit cart-based systems; SonoAir, SonoBook, EBit, ECO, and SonoTouch portable platforms; and SonoEye handheld devices. CHISON maintains a global R&D center integrating resources from China and the US, with approximately 700 intellectual properties registered across China, EU, and US markets. The company is certified by FDA, CE, CMD, CSA, and KFDA. CHISON operates in over 100 countries and is listed on China's STAR Market, representing the only ultrasound manufacturer with this distinction. The company emphasizes independent innovation and advanced image analysis algorithms. Applications include vascular imaging, musculoskeletal assessment, OB/GYN screening, emergency medicine, and veterinary diagnostics. Manufacturing and customer support services are headquartered in Wuxi, Jiangsu, China, with a US subsidiary office in Bellevue, Washington.

Vomark Technologies is a US-based distributor and service provider specializing in new, refurbished, and certified pre-owned diagnostic ultrasound equipment and transducers. Founded approximately 20 years ago with headquarters in Wheeling, IL, and global offices in Europe and the U.S., Vomark serves hospitals, private practices, biomedical engineers, and global distributors worldwide. The company stocks over 1,000 ultrasound probes and has sold more than 2,500 systems, primarily from leading OEM manufacturers including GE, Philips, Siemens, Mindray, Canon/Toshiba, and SonoSite. Product offerings include general ultrasound systems, portable/point-of-care ultrasound devices, cardiac/echocardiography systems, obstetric/gynecology ultrasound, vascular systems, and musculoskeletal/needle-guidance equipment. Vomark also supplies replacement transducers and parts across all major brands. Core services include system and probe repair, equipment refurbishment, lease and rental options, equipment life-cycle management, and post-sale training. The company is an IAMERS member and Dotmed Top 100 certified specialist, operates under FDA oversight, and maintains ISO compliance. Clients include prominent institutions such as New York Presbyterian, Johns Hopkins Medicine, and Advocate Health Care.

Koven Technology is the exclusive North American supplier of Koven/Hadeco vascular Doppler systems and related products. Founded in 1981, the company specializes in noninvasive ultrasound vascular Dopplers for peripheral arterial disease diagnosis and monitoring, surgical Dopplers and probes for intraoperative vascular procedures, and fetal Dopplers for obstetric applications. Koven's product portfolio includes handheld and table-top systems, with recent offerings including the Smartdop XT and Smartdop XT6 vascular testing systems integrated with PAUS 2.0 modality worklist software. The company serves vascular surgeons, interventional radiologists, cardiologists, and obstetric clinicians across the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. Koven manufactures and distributes FDA-cleared medical devices designed for noninvasive evaluation of peripheral vascular disease and intraoperative vascular assessment. The company also provides product design consulting services through its subsidiary Koven Innovation and offers online Doppler training to support clinical implementation and operator certification.

Medical Outfitters Inc. is a diagnostic imaging equipment distributor and service provider with over 20 years of industry experience. The company specializes in representing leading manufacturers including Fujifilm, Esaote, SonoSite, DMS Imaging, Planmed, Mammotome, Orthoscan, Ziehm, and KubTec. Product portfolio encompasses MRI systems (1.5T and 3T fixed systems, open MRI, extremity systems), CT scanners (16-slice to 128-slice), X-ray systems (portable and fixed digital radiography), mammography systems (2D and 3D), C-ARM and fluoroscopy systems, cone-beam CT, bone densitometry, ultrasound (portable to premium systems), biopsy guidance systems, and specimen imaging. The company also distributes AI-enhanced imaging solutions (SwiftMR for MRI optimization) and PACS/clinical visualization software. Medical Outfitters provides end-to-end services including facility planning and design consultation, equipment delivery and logistics, white-glove installation, applications training, preventive maintenance programs, emergency repair services, cryogenic support, replacement parts inventory, and interim mobile imaging solutions (fully equipped MRI, CT, and imaging trailers). Service territory covers the Eastern, Midwestern, and Western United States, Puerto Rico, the Caribbean, and Latin America. The company maintains a comprehensive warehouse and OEM-trained service technician network to minimize facility downtime.

Beijing Konted Medical Technology Co., Ltd. is a specialized manufacturer of handheld wireless ultrasound probes and systems, integrating R&D, production, sales, and after-sales service. The company produces over 30 product models of portable ultrasound transducers operating across frequency ranges of 2.2–24 MHz, serving medical professionals in 186 countries. Konted's product portfolio includes multipurpose single-probe systems, dual-head interchangeable probes, and specialty probes for cardiac, OB/GYN, ophthalmic, and abdominal applications. Offerings span black-and-white and color Doppler imaging, linear and convex transducer geometries, and veterinary ultrasound. The company serves primary care, emergency medicine, critical care, orthopedic/musculoskeletal, vascular intervention, anesthesia, aesthetics, plastic surgery, and ultrasound training markets. Recent product innovations include AI-powered facial ultrasound linear probes (18–24 MHz) for cosmetic applications and vein-finder devices. Konted provides ODM/OEM customization including software development, branded probe design, and custom packaging. Machine failure rates are reported below 1%, with over 100,000 doctors worldwide using their ultrasound systems. The company maintains partnerships with medical research institutions and universities for clinical validation and product development.

Image Monitoring USA Inc is a Buffalo, NY-based distributor and supplier of advanced transcranial Doppler (TCD) and peripheral vascular testing systems. The company specializes in non-invasive vascular diagnostic equipment serving neurologists, radiologists, cardiologists, intensivists, neonatologists, anesthesiologists, stroke specialists, and researchers. Primary product lines include the Dolphin IQ and Dolphin 4D TCD systems with robotic headset options (XF Robotic Headset) for short- and long-term cerebrovascular monitoring, and the Falcon series of physiologic vascular testing platforms (Falcon PRO, Falcon Quad PVD, and Falcon Xpress variants FX5–FX11) for ankle-brachial index (ABI) and toe-brachial index (TBI) testing in hospital, clinic, and mobile settings. The Falcon Xpress line includes models optimized for office, mobile, and laptop-based configurations. The company maintains a team of seasoned professionals across the United States to support system selection, installation, and ongoing technical service. Equipment is marketed for use in vascular laboratories, neurology departments, ICUs, NICUs, operating rooms, and outpatient clinics. Regulatory certifications and manufacturing details are not explicitly stated on the website. The company emphasizes user-friendly interfaces, customizable workflows, reliable uptime, and dedicated customer support. Operating hours are Monday–Friday, 8:00 AM–4:30 PM EST.

Parks Medical Electronics, Inc. is a US-based manufacturer of directional Doppler ultrasound systems and vascular diagnostic instruments. Founded in 1985, the company specializes in high-sensitivity Doppler technology for vascular labs, hospitals, clinics, and operating rooms. The flagship Flo-Lab system, now in its sixth generation, is a fully integrated computerized vascular diagnostic instrument combining Parks' proprietary Doppler sensitivity with modern software and workflow optimization for arterial and venous studies. The 811 Series Doppler, in continuous production for over 50 years, is a portable, rugged Doppler unit used in clinical settings, operating rooms, and veterinary applications. Parks' products are recognized for exceptional Doppler sensitivity, reliability, durability, and ease of operation. The company emphasizes hands-on demonstration and long-term customer support regardless of warranty status. Manufacturing and service are US-based, with a commitment to precision engineering and innovative diagnostic performance in the vascular ultrasound market.

SonoScape Medical Corp. is a global medical device manufacturer specializing in ultrasound imaging systems and endoscopy solutions. The company designs and manufactures a comprehensive range of ultrasound platforms including trolley-based color Doppler systems, portable color Doppler units, and veterinary ultrasound equipment. SonoScape's endoscopy division produces video endoscopy systems and imaging processors for gastrointestinal and gynecological applications. The company also offers minimally invasive surgery (MIS) solutions and has demonstrated capability in portable imaging technologies, including ultrasound systems deployed in space applications. SonoScape serves diverse clinical markets including obstetrics & gynecology, gastroenterology, and general diagnostic imaging. The company maintains active partnerships with international healthcare institutions and participates in major medical conferences (ESGE, ISUOG). Product lines emphasize intelligence-driven imaging, portability, and clinical clarity. The company has established a presence in belt-and-road healthcare initiatives and maintains headquarters with international research and development capabilities.

DWL (Compumedics Germany GmbH), operating since 1991, is a specialized manufacturer of transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound systems for real-time hemodynamic monitoring and vascular diagnostics. Core products include the EZ-Dop point-of-care diagnostic system, Multi-Dop T (EU MDR 2017/745 certified), DBX/DBX1, MDX series (color Doppler and CO2 reactivity), and the MDT multi-channel monitoring platform. The company designs portable baseline systems through comprehensive multimodal solutions supporting handheld probes, micro-probes, monitoring probes, probe fixation systems, and specialized analysis software including Neuro-Monitoring-Analyse with Z-Score waveform evaluation. Clinical applications span neurology, neuro/cardiac/vascular surgery, anesthesiology, critical care, emergency medicine, ENT, and maxillofacial surgery. Primary indications include stroke management, brain death diagnosis, vasospasm detection, PFO evaluation, sickle cell disease screening, and intraoperative neuromonitoring. Systems employ fully digital Doppler sonography with M-Mode capability. DWL maintains installations in 11,000+ hospitals and clinics across 120+ countries. Manufacturing and regulatory capabilities include EU MDR compliance and ISO certification. The company provides clinical software, training support at international conferences, and technical service.

U S Vascular manufactures arterial Doppler physiologic testing systems and vascular diagnostic equipment, primarily the VascuLab product line. The company specializes in vascular medicine technology designed by and for vascular technologists, offering two core platforms: the VascuLab 4040 GSX and VascuLab 4040. Both systems provide spectral Doppler ultrasound, photoplethysmography (PPG), segmental pressure measurements, and plethysmography capabilities for vascular labs and hospitals. Key differentiators include ergonomic variable-height carts, medical-grade antimicrobial 24-inch touch-screen computers with sealed washable keyboards, wireless battery operation (8–16 hours per charge), ultra-stable PPG probes, 12-channel automated cuff inflation, and intuitive software with 24-function wireless remote controls. The GSX model emphasizes ergonomics for large hospital labs; the 4040 features a rugged aluminum cart for heavy-duty mobility. Systems include FDA-approved bayonet connectors, hi-res USB cameras for patient documentation, and support for bedside portable examinations without electrical constraints. U S Vascular offers integrated sales and support with emphasis on customer feedback loops and continuous technology enhancement. The company provides software downloads, technical support, and positioning within professional vascular societies (SVU, SDMS, SVM, SVS, AIUM, ACP) and credentialing bodies (IAC, ARDMS, CCI).

SonoScape US Inc. is a leading global manufacturer of ultrasound diagnostic systems with headquarters and operations serving North America. Founded in 2002, the company designs and distributes a comprehensive portfolio of ultrasound systems ranging from console-based platforms to portable and handheld devices. The product line includes the P60 (premium console system with advanced fetal imaging and AI-driven S-Fetus technology), S60 (mid-range console), P50, X5 (lightweight portable), S9 (high-end mobile system), S50, P20 series, and E1V (veterinary-focused systems). SonoScape systems support general diagnostic ultrasound, color Doppler imaging, 3D/4D acquisition, and specialized applications in obstetrics/gynecology, cardiovascular, and research settings. The company holds a three-year contract with Vizient Inc., representing over $100 billion in annual purchasing volume across academic medical centers, community hospitals, and integrated health networks. Products are distributed in more than 160 countries globally. SonoScape North America received an Innovative Technology designation from Vizient for the P60 S-Fetus Advanced, recognizing its AI-based capability to auto-recognize 16 fetal structures. Systems are deployed in clinical, research, and veterinary markets. The company offers demonstration scheduling and comprehensive after-sales support through authorized distributors and direct channels.

Canon Medical Diagnostics Corporation (Canon Medical Systems Corporation) is a global leader in diagnostic medical imaging equipment, headquartered in Ōtawara, Tochigi, Japan. With heritage dating to 1930 and pioneering innovations including the world's first commercial MRI system, the company delivers comprehensive diagnostic imaging solutions across CT, MRI, ultrasound, X-ray, angiography, and molecular imaging modalities. Canon Medical's product portfolio includes the Aquilion series of CT scanners, Vantage MRI systems, Aplio ultrasound platforms, and advanced X-ray/fluoroscopy systems. The company integrates AI-enhanced imaging, noise-reduction technologies, and portable/compact models to support clinical workflows across cardiology, oncology, stroke, sports medicine, and women's health. Canon Medical also provides Healthcare IT solutions including advanced visualization platforms (Vitrea), PACS integration, and AI-powered automation platforms for clinical image analysis. Under the 'Made for Life' philosophy, the company emphasizes patient-centric design, interoperability (DICOM/IHE compliance), and comprehensive service and support offerings for hospitals, imaging centers, and healthcare institutions globally.

Viasonix is a medical device manufacturer specializing in vascular and neuro-vascular diagnostics with over 30 years of experience. The company develops and manufactures Doppler ultrasound systems and pneumatic technology platforms serving clinical vascular assessment, transcranial Doppler (TCD) monitoring, and DVT prevention in home care settings. Core product families include the Falcon line for peripheral vascular physiologic diagnosis (ABI, PVR, segmental blood pressure, Doppler measurements), the Dolphin line for transcranial Doppler monitoring in neurosurgery, ICU, and stroke management, and the LiteWalk compression device for venous stasis prevention. All products are manufactured in-house with ISO 13485 certification and multiple regulatory approvals (FDA, CE, TFDA, CFDA, KFDA, ANVISA, INVIMA, NMPA, TGA, and others). The company supplies over 50 distributors worldwide.

Universal Diagnostic Solutions (UDS) is an FDA-registered distributor and service provider specializing in new and used portable ultrasound systems from major manufacturers including Mindray, GE, Philips, SonoSite, Chison, Siemens/Acuson, and others. Operating since 2004 from Vista, California, UDS provides comprehensive B2B support including equipment selection consultation, technical training, maintenance plans, repairs, and warranty services. The company serves diverse clinical applications including cardiology, obstetrics/gynecology, musculoskeletal imaging, anesthesiology, and pain management. UDS offers customizable ultrasound configurations with transducers, peripherals, and accessories tailored to specific practice requirements. The company maintains a 12,000 sq ft showroom with demonstration units and provides remote consultation, detailed product comparisons, and unbiased guidance for both entry-level and premium ultrasound systems.

KeeboMed is an FDA-registered distributor and retailer of ultrasound equipment, probes, accessories, and related medical supplies for both human and veterinary medicine. The company specializes in used, refurbished, and new ultrasound systems from major manufacturers including Chison, GE, Philips, SonoSite, BK Medical, Sonoscape, Toshiba, and Mindray. Product portfolio includes portable ultrasound machines with color Doppler and 4D capabilities, compatible transducer probes for all major platforms, ultrasound accessories (carts, gels, batteries, bags), and veterinary ultrasound equipment. Secondary offerings include surgical sutures (PDS, PGA, nylon, silk, polyester, catgut), personal protective equipment (masks, gowns, goggles, coveralls), anesthesia equipment, vaporizers, orthopedic surgical implants and instruments (bone plates, drills, saws), and patient monitors. KeeboMed serves clinics, hospitals, veterinary practices, and individual practitioners seeking cost-effective equipment solutions. The company offers 60-day return policies, flexible financing options (ClickLease, Partners Capital), and customer support. With nearly 10,000 five-star reviews and over 30,000 orders fulfilled in the past decade, KeeboMed positions itself as a trusted B2B and B2C medical equipment supplier. FDA registration and regulatory compliance indicated; specific 510(k) or ISO certifications not detailed on homepage.

Vave Health manufactures wireless, handheld ultrasound systems designed for point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) across clinical and medical education settings. The company's flagship product is the Vave Universal Probe, a portable whole-body ultrasound device featuring a single PZT transducer with multi-frequency capability (2–8 MHz), enabling rapid diagnostics across cardiac, abdominal, pulmonary, bladder, OB/GYN, vascular, musculoskeletal, and soft tissue applications. A secondary product line includes the Vave Phased Probe for deep POCUS imaging at 1–5 MHz. Both probes support B-mode, Deep mode, M-mode, and Color Doppler imaging, with presets optimized for clinical workflows. The platform features imaging modes for rapid diagnosis, continuous software updates, DICOM integration, optional cloud storage (VaveCloud™), peer collaboration tools (VaveCast™), and PACS connectivity. Vave emphasizes a no-subscription, no-hidden-fees pricing model ($4,400 for Universal Probe, $3,500 for Phased Probe) with 3-year warranties and comprehensive support included. The company has garnered recognition from medical institutions including Touro University, University of Arizona, Oregon Health and Science University, and Brigham and Women's Hospital. Awards include the Commercial Equipment Award, D&AD Pencil Award, and Good Design Award. Vave serves clinicians, hospitalists, emergency medicine practitioners, sonographers, and medical educators. The platform integrates with existing hospital IT systems and is actively deployed in medical schools for curriculum integration.

Aspen Medical Systems is a Puerto Rico-based distributor and service provider of diagnostic and cardiovascular ultrasound equipment. The company serves as the exclusive distributor for Alpinion Medical Systems in Puerto Rico and the Caribbean region. Core product lines include general and Doppler ultrasound systems, fetal and vascular Doppler equipment, and Transcranial Doppler (TCD) systems sourced through strategic partnerships with global manufacturers including PARKS Medical Electronics, DWL Compumedics, and Cooper Surgical. The company operates an educational division providing ultrasound simulation systems, including the Volutracer OPUS high-definition ultrasound simulator, and anatomical models and imaging phantoms through partnerships with Kyoto Kagaku. Service capabilities include technical support, professional installation and configuration, preventive maintenance, service contracts, equipment repair, and clinical training. Aspen Medical targets specialist physicians, hospitals, clinics, and academic institutions across the Caribbean market, positioning itself on comprehensive technical support and implementation expertise rather than manufacturing.