Vision Testing Systems encompass the instruments used to assess refractive error, visual acuity, visual field, binocular function, and contrast sensitivity — including autorefractors, digital phoropters, chart projectors/digital acuity units, visual field analyzers (perimeters), and integrated refraction suites. Primary buyers are ophthalmology practices, hospital eye departments, ambulatory surgical centers (ASCs), occupational health clinics, and optometry schools. Purchase decisions are typically triggered by a new practice build-out, equipment replacement at end-of-life (commonly 10–12 years), or clinical expansion into subspecialties such as glaucoma monitoring or pre-/post-refractive surgery evaluation.